Концепція куртуазності як суспільно-культурного явища класичного середньовіччя

Abstract

Проаналізовано значення концепції куртуазності як суспільно-культового явища класичного Середньовіччя. Завдяки аналізу першоджерел та філософсько-культурологічної літератури ми маємо можливість відтворити мінливу модель середньовічного суспільства та взаємовідносин й етикету в середині аристократичного стану населення, яка прийшла на зміну ранньосередньовічній моделі. Доведено, що куртуазна культура визначила ментальний розвиток країн Європи аж до початку ХХ століття.

The analysis of the concept courtesy as a social and religious phenomenon of classical Middle Ages. Through the analysis of primary sources and philosophical and cultural literature, we are able to recreate the changing model of medieval society and relationships and etiquette in the middle of aristocratic status of the population, which replaced the early medieval model. Proved that Medieval culture defined mental development of Europe until the early twentieth century. Courtly love (fr. Amour courtois) – medieval conception of love, according to which the relationship lover man and his heart virgins likened the relationship between the vassal and his lord. Courtesy as a social and cultural phenomenon of classical Middle Ages had a great influence in shaping the minds of European consciousness until the early twentieth century. For the fi rst time the concept of “courtly love” found in the poetry of the troubadours and palaces trouvere Aquitaine and Provence in the late eleventh century. The most important outlet for the formation of the ideal of courtly love made poet Ovid Roman Empire, whose treatise “The Art of Love” became ten centuries, an encyclopedia behavior enamored knight. The concept of “courtesy” and “courtly behavior” in the Middle Ages was complicated by Christian ideas about the cult of the Virgin Mary. So Beautiful maid, who had to serve a knight, and both became his spiritual image of love. In XII – XIII centuries the concept of courtly love and Medieval culture spread throughout Europe. The work of the German Gottfried minnesingers of Strasburg “Tristan and Isolde” – evidence of the impact of courtesy to all European countries. In England, the most significant monument of courtly culture was “Allegory of Love” Lewis. In Italy courtesy reached its highest rise in the XIII - XIV centuries in poetry “Sweet new style” poetic settings of the “New Life” Dante Alighieri, the sonnets to Laura Francesco Petrarch. In the “Divine Comedy” by Dante Miss Beautiful – Beatrice – is not only the “Platonic” mistress, but ecclesiastical leaders poet’s secrets Paradise. Thus, the outlet courtly ideal of refined behavior and manners, knightly service to the beautiful virgins expressed in a special combination fragile male and female beauty, subtle feelings and create a special “world of lyric lovers” reflected in the Gothic painting and art miniature XII - XIII centuries in art late Gothic XIV – XV centuries. Custodian courtesy and courtly culture was the palace of the Dukes of Burgundy. Echoes of courtly culture were all the rage at the “noble gallantry” XVII – XVIII centuries, the art of poetry in European Romanticism late XVIII – the first quarter of the nineteenth century. This problem is multifaceted and not limited to those studies have to date. In a further development it deserves: a study of the rules of etiquette “noble gallantry” XVII – XVIII centuries and determine where courtly culture heritage artists of European Romanticism late XVIII – the first quarter of the nineteenth century.