Гендерні стереотипи та проблеми лідерства

Abstract

Досліджуються особливості реалізації гендерно маркованих лідерських якостей. Розглядаються причини гендерної асиметрії та її механізми, зокрема горизонтальна та вертикальна сегрегації ринку праці, усталені стереотипи гендерних ролей. Аналізуються гендерні відмінності репрезентації лідерських якостей особистості і ставлення суспільної думки до лідера – жінки.

The article deals with the implementation of gender-marked leadership qualities is investigated. It’s also examined the causes of gender asymmetry and its mechanisms, in particular horizontal and vertical segregation of the labour market. Horizontal gender segregation reflects the established division of professions and fields with «female» / «male» that is governed by rules, restrictions, and special exceptions. The consequence is not only the difference in the activities, but also the difference in pay and socio – economic inequality. Vertical segregation means uneven distribution of women / men for positions and statuses in the hierarchy of jobs. Such distribution reflects deep-rooted gender stereotypes regarding abilities and character of activity, in particular the separation of gender roles on instrumentalists and expressive ones. Mechanisms of career discrimination include the principle of «glass ceiling» that reflects the artificial barriers based on an established relationship or in the organization of the prejudices that hinder the promotion of qualified employees for management positions, which makes them inaccessible for women. The article also deals with the gender differences of representation of leadership qualities of the personality and attitude of public opinion to a leader – the woman. It is noted that there are different expectations and requirements for managers in the society depending on their gender, the nature of their activities, their qualities and behavior. The different gender activity is the motivation, priorities, professional identity, selection criteria career, job evaluation, and the labour statement. The General analysis of leadership characteristics leads to the conclusion that the traditional opposition of male / female qualities, the division into instrumental and expressive areas of activity inferior to their combination. In particular, among the leadership there are self-confidence and expressiveness; the vigor and external expressiveness; the influence and patience; intelligence and sociability etc. Gender analysis of leadership is not only detects problems of women, but also the conditions of successful implementation of both women and men.