Антропологічні інтенції постмодерністського мислення: перспектива vs фіналізму

Abstract

У статті поставлена проблема антропологічного виміру людини в сучасній філософії. Показано запропоновані постмодер- ною філософією стратегії розвитку культурної і ціннісної кризи. Окреслено шляхи виходу з неї за рахунок залучення нових методологічних рефлексій, які долають есхатологічні концепції «смерті людини» і суспільства.

Philosophical thinking of Modern era was oriented mainly on science and history, and the development of history was depicted as a linear process in which a person served simply for its implementation. Understanding of history, human and social relations, based on the principles of rationalism and technocentrism, on the one hand, led to a utopian illusions or social despair, on the other hand the richness of human subjectivity reduced to total domination of reason over other human qualities, but the man himself interpreted only as a supplement to the world and a means of social progress. This understanding of a person in modern science is somewhat superfi cial and simplistic, because in this period we owe to those ideas which are still very attractive today. It is the idea of the autonomy of person, his individual freedom, civil rights and so on. These two controversies in understanding the image of the person in the modern period determine the ambivalent attitude of a place of human in the philosophical picture of reality. The dilemma is the following: either absolute individual will, which leads, probably, to anarchism or absolute rule of public law, which leads to totalitarianism. Contemporary philosophers postmodernists start their own concepts and presentation of a new culture of thinking with modern revision of «Enlightenment project». One of the most radical strategies to overcome modern philosophy, and in particular the image of a person who has worked out this philosophy is the concept of Michel Foucault. In the «Enlightenment project» philosophy could become and develop a way of thinking that defi nes the image of the era, and the era is presented as a form of implementation of this philosophy. However, two centuries after its appearance the Enlightenment back again – as a way of understanding by Western European thought its intellectual capabilities and freedoms, as a way of setting the mind and thinking about issues its own boundaries. From the perspective of postmodern thinkers a consideration of philosophical problems through the prism of human largely caused contemporary destructive processes in philosophy. False and deceit of personalism positions they see in hypertrophy of anthropological topics, an exaggerated interest in person is the source of theoretical deceived. Now, according to post-structuralists, it becomes clear that the man does not deserve special trust and respect, as it rooted fl aws and defects of its own nature. Thus, the task of philosophy is to understand life, free from humans. A humanistic issue in such concepts disappears together with a person subject of scientifi c and philosophical research «de-personalized». A person «left out» of philosophical analysis or is understood as something derived from the coexistence of autonomous destructive practices. It is shown that today the science has its status, although not without infl uence of major aspects of «mass culture» – its commercial nature, hedonism, ability to mobile respond to events of outside world were fundamentally rethinking in the context of plural new project. It is clear that the main problems associated with the operation of this type of thinking are problems of circulation of information – the last of the proportionality of constant reality, the impact on the culture of thinking of new information systems; problem of proportion and reality copies within a new cultural and social paradigm; the problem of «physicality» refl ecting «somatization of consciousness and thinking» subject of postmodern era, and the ability to address it in the complexes of «power-knowledge» (M. Foucault).