Education, architecture, and citizenship in industrializing societies. A comparative commentary on three case studies: robert owen, charles brace, and Anton Makarenko

Abstract

The passage from pre-industrial to industrial societies was not an easy one. Industrial societies, i.e., societies where the dominant form of production is mass industry, are usually accompanied by specific social phenomena, such as unplanned urbanization and social disparities. Industrial work also requires a different set of social skills than in traditional agrarian or craftsman societies. Industrialization was closely linked with urbanization, and the urban environment also requires new traits of subjectivity, spatial orientation, collaboration, a sense of self-support, and individualized temporality that are different from the so-called traditional societies. These processes uprooted traditional rural communities and, so, gave rise to the problem of the relationship between the newly emerged individual worker-citizen and its forms of belonging to the social and political collective.